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4.Political
Party
A political party
is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular
country’s elections. An organization that works to win elections, make laws,
and run the government is a political party. Political parties are essential
institutions of democracy. Most countries have several political parties that
compete in elections to control the government.
Political parties
have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern
party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few
centuries. It is extremely rare for a country to have no political parties.
Some countries have only one political party while others have several.
Some scholars
argue that the first modern political parties developed in early modern Britain
in the 18th century.
A political party
has 3 components :-
1. The leaders.
2. The active members.
3. The followers.
The leaders of
the responsible to the kind of work done the political party like it MANIFESTO.
The active
members of the political party influence the administrative works of the
political party.
The followers
include the supporters of the party, they also spread the information to the
local citizens of what is happening inside the political party.
According to Disraeli, “A party is a group of
men banded together to pursue contain principles.”
According to Maurice Duverger” A party is a
community with a particular structure.”
Functions of political parties
Competitive
elections
Political parties
compete in elections to win a majority and form a government. Members of the
political parties choose their candidates who fight for them in elections.
Those candidates who either manage to raise a lot of money or are sure to win
the election are chosen, Famous personalities are also determined to represent
a political party. Candidates are selected either by all party members or only
by top party officials.
Policies and
programs
Political parties
talk about policies in public. They are trying to convince the public that
their party’s policies are better. They hold demonstrations, public meetings,
and speeches to discuss the policies they would adopt. They discuss the issues
facing the country and the policies they would adopt once elected. With such
measures, they are trying to gain public support.
Law making
Political parties
play a very important role in making laws for the country. Any proposed law is
first called a bill. A bill is debated in the legislature, and if it receives a
majority, it is considered passed. Such a bill then becomes the law of the
land.
Create and run a
government
The government is
formed by the political party that wins the majority in the elections. That
party is called the ruling party. He builds and then runs the government. He
makes all the important decisions. Trained and experienced members become
ministers who carry out the politicization of the government.
Role of the
Opposition
A political party
that loses an election forms the opposition party. He controls the ruling
party. Opposition parties criticize the ruling government if it implements
policies that are not in favor of the masses. They also ensure that the ruling
party does not abuse its power.
Formation of
Public Opinion
Political parties
discuss various issues facing the country, discuss their policies and form
public opinion on them. Party- affiliated pressure groups inform the public
about various issues. They start movements for the country’s problems and
mobilize mass support for various issues.
Access to
government welfare systems
Political parties
form an important link between the public and the government. Leaders are
accountable to the people for the policies their party follows. It is easy for
the public to reach out to local leaders to voice their demands. Leaders cannot
ignore their concerns because the public may not vote for them in the next
election.
Need for political parties
ü For most ordinary citizens, democracy equates
to political parties. If we travel and survey in rural areas, or remote areas,
their knowledge of the constitution may be negligible, but they would
definitely have awareness of political parties
ü One of the most visible institutions in a
democracy is political parties.
ü Political parties are most important to form a
government. They are candidates representing various political parties who
contest elections at the central, state, and local levels.
ü Candidates running in elections choose
political parties through their internal mechanisms.
ü Political parties create programs and policies
and shape public opinion.
ü Once the political parties win the elections,
they form the government and its policies are implemented based on the
manifesto of the political party that won the elections.
ü If political parties lose an election, they
will sit in the parliament or state assembly in opposition and monitor or
criticize the government’s policies or actions.
ü Competitive elections.
ü Introduction of programs and policies for
public welfare.
ü Adoption of legislative decisions and their
legal implementation.
Bangladesh Awami League
Bangladesh Awami
League It was formed in 1949.
Ideology: Bengali nationalism, Secularism, Social
democracy
Maulana Abdul
Hamid Khan Bhasani became the president of the newly formed party. Shamsul Raj
was appointed as general secretary, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as joint secretary.
After the
establishment of East Pakistan Awami Muslim League, it became a single and
reliable political party in East Bengal by playing a role in the movement and
struggle for people’s rights in this country.
Jatiya Party (Ershad)-
Jatiya Party was
formed in 1986
Ideology: Bangladeshi nationalism, Economic liberalism
Jatiya Party is
one of the main political parties in Bangladesh. Former President Hussain
Muhammad Ershad formed Jatiya Party on January 1, 1986. Currently its main
party Jatiya Party is divided into 4 parts.
Workers Party of Bangladesh
Ideology: Communism, Marxism-Leninism
Bangladesh
Workers Party is a political party in Bangladesh. This group of communist
ideology was formed in 1980 from the Communist Party of Bangladesh (Leninist),
Revolutionary Communist League and another group. Amal Sen was its founder
secretary general. Rashed Khan Menon was the president.
Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal
It was formed in
1972.
Ideology: Socialism.
Through social
revolution it is announced to establish scientific socialism and classless
exploitation of peasant workers. President Hasanul Haque Inu classless
Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh
Ideology: Secularism
Alternative
Bangladesh is a political party of Bangladesh which former president and BNP MP
Dr. AQM was formed by Badruddoza Chowdhury in 2004.
Gano Forum
It was formed in
1992
Ideology: Secularism
Ganoforum is a
political party of Bangladesh. Dr. Kamal Hossain is the founding president of
this party.
Jatiya Party (Manju)
Formed in 1996
Ideology: Secularism
Jatiya Party
(Manju) is a splinter group of Jatiya Party led by Anwar Hossain Manju.
Independent: Any person can form his own party and
participate in the elections.
Bangladesh Chhatra League
Bangladesh
Chhatra League was founded by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in the Assembly
Hall of Fazlul Haque Hall of Dhaka University on January 4, 1948. Since its
establishment, Bangladesh Chhatra League has played a leading role in various
rights related movements in Bangladesh. Notable among them are the national
language movement, the right to education, the establishment of Bengali
autonomy, freedom and independence movement.
Volunteer League
It was formed in
1994.
Ideology: Bengali Nationalism, Secularism, Socialism,
Democracy
Bangladesh Awami
Swachhasevak League is a subsidiary organization and volunteer wing of
Bangladesh Awami League.
Public opinion
Modern democracy
is representative democracy. Public opinion is the lifeblood of representative
democracy. The success of representative democracy depends on fair and informed
public opinion. The means of organization and expression of public opinion in a
representative democracy are as follows:
1. Newspapers: Newspapers are one of the mediums
of public opinion formation. By reading newspapers, people can know all the
news of the country and abroad, they draw the attention of the government about
various shortages, complaints and demands. Opinions of opposition parties can
be known by reading newspapers. The government has to remain restrained due to
the fear of constructive criticism from the press, so there should be freedom
in the press
2. Newspaper and other media: Newspapers also
play an important role in organizing public opinion. Various political
organizations and professional organizations try to organize public opinion
through newspapers, leaflets and wall papers.
3. Congress: The role of Congress in shaping
public opinion is very important in developing countries. Various political
parties, professional organizations and experts and intellectuals express and
propagate their views through meetings and committees. As a result, people are
able to form correct opinions by comparing and analyzing different groups and
opinions.
4. Films, radio and television: Films, radio and
television play an important role in shaping public opinion. Remains The role
of films, radio and television in organizing and influencing people of all
classes, educated and uneducated, is increasing day by day.
5. Political party: Political parties directly
and indirectly motivate people to be active in politics. The speeches and
activities of political parties make people politically aware.
6. Educational institutions: Educational
institutions play an important role in shaping public opinion. Many of the
students today will emerge as state leaders in the future. The education that
students receive in educational institutions has a lasting impact on them later
in life.
7. Legislature: Legislature is currently an
important means of shaping public opinion. The elected representatives in the
legislature give speeches and arguments in favor of their party and against
other parties through debates, discussion-criticism and question-and-answer on
various issues.Details of these debates are published on radio, television and
newspapers. People evaluate these statements and form their own opinions
independently.
8. Family: Family is one of the mediums of
political socialization. The family is the eternal school of social life.
Discussions in the family about social, political, economic events, problems
etc. Play an important role in shaping public opinion.
9. Religious Associations: Sometimes religious
associations also play an important role in shaping public opinion. Because the
discussion or advice of religious organizations affects people a lot.
10.Professional or trade-based associations:
Various professional-based associations, unions or associations often help
shape public opinion through speeches and discussions.
political socialization
The concept of
political socialization is important to know how political culture is formed in
different societies and how the political values, beliefs, and attitudes of the
people prevail over different generations. Those values or beliefs expand to
the new generation through some agents of political socialization.
With the death of
various members of a group, the political culture of the group does not die.
The new members of the group maintain their political culture. From their
childhood, they learned, embraced, and obeyed the political values or beliefs
of society.
Political
socialization is the process of learning, embracing, and maintaining the flow
of political values.
Meaning of Political Socialization
Political
socialization refers to the lifelong process through which individuals acquire
political attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors. It is the process by which
people develop their understanding of politics, political ideologies, and their
role in the political system.
During political
socialization, individuals absorb and internalize information about political
institutions, parties, leaders, and policies from various sources such as
family, education, media, peers, and religious institutions. These sources play
a significant role in shaping individuals’ political opinions and values,
influencing their political preferences, party affiliations, and participation
in the political process.
It begins in
childhood and continues throughout adulthood, as individuals encounter new
experiences and engage with different social and political contexts.
Family, in
particular, plays a crucial role in early political socialization, as children
often adopt the political beliefs and behaviors of their parents or guardians.
Schools and
educational institutions also play a significant role in political
socialization by providing formal instruction on political systems, civics, and
democratic values. Media, including news outlets and social media platforms,
shape individuals’ political views by presenting information and framing
political issues in particular ways.
Overall, It is a
complex and ongoing process that influences individuals’ political identities,
attitudes, and behaviors, shaping their understanding of political concepts,
their participation in the political process, and their overall engagement with
politics and society.
Characteristics of Political Socialization
There are some features
of political socialization. These are:
1. Political socialization is the pinnacle of a
society’s political values or culture.
2. The purpose of political socialization is to
educate and enhance the members of the society politically, to see them become effective
members of the political society, and to preserve the continuity of the
political values of the society.
3. Early childhood is an important time for
political socialization. But this is not limited to a few years of childhood.
Political socialization continues throughout the life of the individual.
4. It occurs mainly in three ways – imitation,
instruction, and motivation. Imitation tendency is more prevalent in children,
whereas adolescents and adults have a combination of imitation, instruction,
and motivation.
5. Through the process of political
socialization, the increase in support, support for the prevailing political
system, the values in favor of conventional institutions, and the legitimacy of
the government are increased.
6. All persons belonging to a political society
are subject to political socialization and are effective throughout their
lives.
Agents of Political Socialization
Few organizations
play an important role in the context of political socialization. These are
called agents of political socialization. They are also identified as the means
of political socialization. These are:
ü Family
ü Intimate Friend’s Group
ü Educational Institution
ü Political Parties
ü Mass Media
ü Professional Organization
ü Religious Organization
1. Family
The role of the family is important in
transmitting political values from one generation to the next. In the first ten
to fifteen years of his life in the family, the child acquires most of his
political personality. The child takes note of the mentality of his parents and
family and puts a deep and lasting strain on his mind. It is from the family
that the child learns about its political values.
2. Intimate
Friend’s Group
An intimate group
is a group of people with similar or close friends or close friends. In modern
times, industrialization, urbanization, and modernization have changed the way
of life of the former; the number of problems has increased. So in modern
society, the importance of intimate blinds has increased. There are many types
of discussions with intimate friends. The political attitude of friends can
influence and change a person’s moral outlook.
3. Educational
Institution
After a few years
of age, the child joined the educational establishment for education leavers
and schools, colleges, and universities became important as a means of
political socialization in his life. Attempts to increase loyalty to the
country through the curriculum of the school include nationalist ideals, the
past glory of the nation, discussions about the leaders of the nation, etc.
4. Political
Parties
Political parties
compete in elections by politically organizing for leverage of political power.
People of different levels and classes are involved in different types of work
for one political party. Political parties increase people’s skills and
awareness. People’s political role depends on the economic, social, and
political outlook of the political party and its relationship with the
political system.
5. Mass Media
Influence of
science and technology, in modern times, the media such as radio, film,
television, internet, etc. are very advanced and play an important means in
political socialization.
With the help of
the media, news, commentary, and images related to political events quickly
reach the masses. Members of the government or government party use the media
to voice their views. Opposition parties and their members take the same path.
6. Professional
Organization
Various
organizations organized on a professional basis are labour unions, trade
unions, peasant associations, teachers ‘associations, students’ unions, etc.
These organizations do not get political power like political parties or
participate in the electoral competition but try to preserve their professional
interests by influencing the government’s decision-making process.
These
organizations communicate political values and sentiments among their members
through various claims and political socialization is possible.
7. Religious
Organization
The political
role of religious organizations in modern-day secular democratic states has
diminished. Yet it turns out that they have some indirect role.
In many European
states, opposition to state and educational institutions is seen in connection
with Roman Catholic meditation. In India, Hindu, and Muslim religious
organizations try to influence the political views of their members in various
ways.
Importance of Political Socialization
Third-world
countries were once under the political control of European power. From about
the middle of the twentieth century, they continued to gain independence. The
political structures of imperial European power were known in these countries.
So in many countries of the Third World, political structures were developed in
imitation of imperialist power. They also have their own social and political
structures.
It is very
important to discuss the political socialization context of these countries to
know how old their own political and social structures are, how much they have
changed, and how political continuity is preserved in the West. Society is
constantly changing. A discussion of political socialization is also needed to
understand the extent to which these changes are affecting the political
system.
Political
socialization is related to the political stability of society. To maintain
political stability in the process of modernization, industrialization,
urbanization, and various other changes, it is necessary to focus on political
socialization. Emphasis is placed on political socialization in both liberal
and socialist systems
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